BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Disposable diapers have become a complicated matter due to the risk generation to the environment and human health. This study presents a description of disposable diapers characteristics and the success-proven methods used to handle this waste. In many developing countries where an inadequate waste management system occurs, the handling method selection must consider effectivity, the affordable cost, and the end product quality. Despite the diaper composting has successfully conducted in several previous studies, some issues remain for researchers to address. Thus, it requires an improvement so that the system runs effectively and sustainably. This study aimed to determine the possibility of using Cyanobacteria for enhancing the diapers composting. METHODS: This study gains insights from previous studies using a literature review method, with the year of publication between 2007 to 2020. The focus of the investigation relates to disposable diapers composting and its optimation by cyanobacteria addition. And so as the future prospecting for application and implication to the environment and human life. FINDINGS: Cyanobacteria ability to carry out nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, ubiquitous in natural habitat, highly adaptive in a wide range environmental condition, can live in the composting system, perform bioremediation, and its application as quality fertilizer, and potentially degrade plastic polymers, spread the expectation to cyanobacteria which associated with its advantages over other microorganisms to enhance the disposable diapers composting. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential utilization of cyanobacteria as an opportunity for copping disposable diapers pollution. The application of compost resulted expected to provide promising-advantages to the environmental sustainability and agriculture. This paper proposes an overarching review of the feasibility in this regard.

Dear Editor ndotracheal intubation may be required for every patient under general anesthesia (GA). Direct laryngoscopy is a routine method for endotracheal intubation in patients. Various blades are used for intubation depending on the choice of anesthetist and patient's conditions. These laryngoscope blades can trigger infection among patients.Nowadays it is believed that the standard method for sterilization of laryngoscope blades does not destroy all existing pathogens. Using cheap disposable blades can eliminate the infection risk.

According to previous researches eating in disposable plastic containers can create risks and wastes for the human body. Leaving these containers in nature will cause environmental problems due to the long period of its return to nature's cycle. In this research, we intend to find people's attitude towards consuming such dishes and adress the question that through which processes has the norms of eating and drinking changed? We conducted an in-depth interview with a hundred middle-class of citizens of Tehran. The findings showed that despite the awareness of citizens about these issues, these containers are used in parties due to ease of consuming and carrying, cheapness, easy access, diversity in shape and color, the perception that they are more hygienic than other containers. The prevalence of these dishes has influenced the style of eating. From a Giddensian approach the whole phenomena of "disposability" can be considered as an abstract system by which behaviours relating to eating will be disembedded from its local space-time and will be re-embedded in another level. Trust in this abstract system is to the extent that the harms of consuming the disposals and the damage they cause to the body and nature are not considered.

Objective: Urinary tract is one of the most common sources of infection in children under the age of two years. Many known and unknown risk factors predispose to this important disease in children. This study was conducted to determine whether using a specific type of diaper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) in girls under the age of 2 years.Methods: This case control study was performed in hospitalized children; girls with their first urinary tract infection were selected as cases, and those admitted for other reasons comprised the control group. Two groups were matched for age (±1 month), and other known risk factors for UTI. Type of diapers (superabsorbent, standard disposable and washable cotton), used for these children during six months, from October 2007 to March 2008, were compared in both groups.Findings: Fifty-nine matched pair infant girls less than 2 years were selected. It was revealed that in cases with UTI superabsorbent diapers were used more frequently than in controls (Odds ratio =3.29, P-value=0.005) There were no significant differences in other factors like number of diapers used per day, the time between defecation and diaper change, mothers' educational level, level of family income and mother's occupation.Conclusion: The use of superabsorbent diapers could be a risk factor for urinary tract infection in infant girls.

Procalcitonin (PCT) plays a significant role in screening for bacterial infection (BI), which is one of the world's leading health issues. This work presents a simple, efficient, and convenient glass fiber paper (GFP) substrate-based innovative biosensor application for BI-specific PCT biomarker detection. To enhance the conductivity of the GFP substrate, a self-accumulating single layer of AuNP is used on the GFP surface. This monolayer of AuNP in GFP provides a platform for antibody immobilization and shows high electrochemical conductivity. Further, the AuNP/GFP electrode was modified with antibodies specific to PCT, followed by the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to block unspecific binding sites for PCT detection. The PCT/BSA/ab/AuNP/GFP bioelectrode has been successfully used to determine PCT in a serum sample with amended stability. The structural and morphological features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Using an electrochemical impedance response study, the developed PCT/BSA/ab/AuNP/GFP bioelectrode showed the lowest detection limit of 100 pg ml-1 concerning PCT detection in the linear range of 107-102 pg ml-1. Electrochemical response studies show that the developed BSA/ab/AuNP/GFP bioelectrode has a lifespan of 30 days and can be used to assess PCT in the 107-102 pg ml-1 range. Moreover, this evaluated sensor offers many merits, including a lower cost, small sample volume, single-use, and rapid analysis over conventional methods, making this platform an alternative option for PCT screening. This designed bioelectrode also shows adequate reproducibility.

Nowadays, disposable injection pumps are widely used in hospitals and home care settings to provide various therapies such as chemotherapy, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anesthetic treatments, as well as for postoperative pain control and chronic pain control. Since the accuracy of the injection is very important in infusion pumps based on the flow rate, it is therefore important to reduce the error in this device. In this study, the basic design principles of these pumps and the design problems of the sample appearance available in the market were investigated. Since one of the vital problems of this type of pump is their inaccuracy, because they are unable to inject a certain amount of drug for a certain period of time, so one of the main objectives of this study is to improve the accuracy of the injection. Also, as this device is available to the patient for a long time at the time of injection, ease of use is one of the design goals. Finally, this paper ends with a design and prototype which is better in the shape of the device and a big improvement in the accuracy.

With the advent of the Internet, a new type of corpora namely disposable corpora found their way into translation. A disposable corpus is a small collection of Internet documents created ad hoc as a response to a specific text to be translated. Such corpora are usually made when the information translators need to comprehend the source text or produce the target text are beyond what dictionaries have to offer. Disposable corpora which can be either target monolingual or comparable bilingual are compiled to answer a specific question and as a result, they are usually abandoned after the need has been met. Since such corpora are easy to build, they can be used as a substitute to large corpora which are usually difficult to access. In the context of Iran with few large corpora of Persian language available to translators, disposable corpora can well be used by translators as a new source of information and by translation teachers as a new teaching tool in their classes.